@ARTICLE{Baraniecki2026:i9326,
	author="{Baraniecki, Jakub and Prochacki, Szymon and Lemieszewski, Łukasz}",
	title="{Ray-Tracing-Based Assessment of Focus Breathing in Imaging Lenses under Uncertainty}",
	year="2026",
	type="artykuł naukowy / referat",
	language="en",
	journal="{Procedia Computer Science}",
	issn="1877-0509",
	volume="292",
	pages="7221--7230",
	doi="10.1016/j.procs.2026.10.293",
	url="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050926039542",
	keywords="focus breathing; ray tracing; imaging lenses; uncertainty analysis; focus ring position; image magnification",
	abstract="{Focus breathing – the variation of effective field of view as a function of focus distance – introduces undesired scale changes in
video sequences, particularly in photographic lenses lacking optomechanical compensation. Existing mitigation approaches are
either hardware-dependent or unable to reliably distinguish breathing-induced scale changes from scene motion. This paper
proposes a ray-tracing-based simulation framework for deterministic, scene-independent assessment of focus breathing in imaging
lenses. The optical system is represented as a sequence of refractive surfaces; ray propagation is computed via Snell's law with
aperture constraints enforced throughout. Image height at the sensor plane serves as a direct proxy for system magnification.
A normalised focus ring position parameter (FRP ∈ [0, 1]) provides a lens-agnostic characterisation of the focusing range. For
single internal focusing group lenses, high linearity of 𝑦𝑦!(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹) motivates a first-order approximation. A formal uncertainty model
accounting for optical, numerical, and parametric error sources is derived. The framework is validated across seven lenses spanning
four distinct focusing mechanisms.}",
}